Carcinomas and Carcinoid Tumors of the Lungs and Bronchi in Children and Adolescents: The EXPeRT Recommendations

Primary lung carcinomas and bronchial carcinoid tumors (BC) are very rare malignancies in childhood. While typical BC and mucoepidermoid carcinomas are mostly low-grade, localized tumors with a more favorable prognosis than in adults, necessitating avoidance of overtreatment, adenocarcinomas of the lung are often diagnosed at advanced disease stages with low survival rates. This paper presents consensus recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients with primary lung carcinomas and BC, established by the European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors (EXPeRT) in collaboration with the European Reference Network for Pediatric Oncology (ERN PaedCan).