Bridging Art and Algorithm: The Evolution of Plastic Surgery Across Eras

Abstract Over the past five decades, plastic surgery has transformed from a niche specialty into a widely accepted, technology-driven field. In the 1980s, the profession was defined by its emphasis on craftsmanship and authority, with a clear divide between the “respected realm” of reconstructive surgery and the “often-stigmatized” world of cosmetic procedures. The 1990s introduced minimally invasive techniques such as Botox and lasers, fostering a more collaborative surgeon–patient relationship. The 2000s saw the rise of digital imaging and the internet, empowering patients and shifting decision-making dynamics. In the 2010s, the integration of prevention, wellness, and mental health became central to practice. By the 2020s, advancements like bioprinting and AI-enabled personalized treatments emerged, raising new ethical considerations. Today, plastic surgery is democratized and mainstream, combining surgical expertise, regenerative medicine, and psychological support. Surgeons now serve as partners in patients' identity journeys, balancing empowerment with ethical responsibility.