Factors affecting psychological distance to climate change adaptation: A case of urban communities in Islamabad, Pakistan

Psychological distance plays a crucial role in shaping climate risk perception and motivating adaptation actions. Understanding the psychological distance dimensions and the determinants influencing adaptation decisions is therefore essential. This study assesses psychological distance to climate change adaptation across four dimensions: spatial, temporal, social, and hypothetical. Data was collected from three urban communities situated in Islamabad, Pakistan, from a random sample of 600 households. An indicator-based approach, supported by descriptive statistics and the composite index method, was applied to calculate psychological distance and its dimensions. The relationship between the dimensions was examined using Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression was employed to identify socioeconomic determinants. Findings indicate that households perceived a moderate level of psychological distance from climate change impacts at both the community and national levels. They also expressed confidence in adaptation as a protective measure. Spatial and hypothetical dimensions showed moderate distance, whereas temporal and social dimensions reflected relatively lower distance. The results suggest that urban communities hold an uncertain yet receptive stance toward adaptation. Regression analysis revealed that gender and education of the household head significantly and positively influenced psychological distance, highlighting the role of social and educational factors in shaping perceptions. Significant correlations were observed among the four dimensions of psychological distance. The study highlights the importance of reducing psychological distance through targeted awareness and education initiatives. Policymakers should prioritize community-based programs, gender-sensitive outreach, and education-driven campaigns to strengthen motivation and enhance the willingness of urban households to adopt climate change adaptation measures. • Method developed to quantify psychological distance to adaptation. • Households found moderately distant to climate change impacts. • Gender, education level, and household size increase adaptation distance. • Awareness programs can reduce psychological distance and improve adaptation.