Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of polycystic ovary syndrome in Nigeria: a mini-review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age globally, with significant variations in clinical presentation across different populations. In Nigeria, PCOS represents a major cause of infertility and metabolic dysfunction, yet comprehensive understanding of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers remains limited. This narrative mini-review synthesizes current evidence on diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with emphasis on their relevance in the Nigerian healthcare context. Literature was identified through structured searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using predefined keywords related to PCOS, biomarkers, diagnosis, prediction, and Nigeria. PCOS is a heterogeneous endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. While established international diagnostic criteria remain clinically based, emerging biomarkers including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), insulin resistance indices, inflammatory markers, adipokines, and oxidative stress parameters provide additional insights into pathophysiology and phenotypic variation. A combined biomarker approach may provide complementary information regarding PCOS pathophysiology and metabolic risk stratification; however, further validation studies are required before such panels can be considered for routine diagnostic use. Strengthening Nigeria-specific research and improving biomarker validation within local populations remain critical priorities.