A clear and present danger to democracy: Identity, accessibility, and the consequences of threats against U.S. journalists

Drawing on a representative sample of 1600 U.S. journalists, this survey examines the prevalence and impact of online and offline threats. It analyzes how gender, race, medium, and journalists’ accessibility—particularly social media reach and visibility—shape exposure to hostility and its consequences. Findings show that 61% of journalists report being threatened, with TV broadcasters, younger journalists, women, and people of color most often targeted. Greater social media accessibility and frequent audience feedback correlate with higher exposure to online threats. Those facing more threats report lower job satisfaction and a greater likelihood of leaving the profession. The study concludes that protecting journalists’ safety and mental health is vital to preserving journalism’s role in American democracy.