Sustainable Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

The sustainable reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using plant‐derived aqueous extracts offers an eco‐friendly alternative to toxic chemical reduction strategies. In this work, we report the first use of Trachyspermum ammi ( ajwain ) seeds extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of biofunctional rGO. The elegant reduction of GO to rGO using phytochemical‐rich ajwain seed extract is confirmed through UV–visible, FTIR, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Further, SEM and TEM analyses revealed thin, exfoliated, few‐layered rGO nanosheets. The rGO exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive ( Xanthomonas campestris , Streptococcus mutans ) and Gram‐negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Bacillus cocci ) pathogens, outperforming both GO and the standard antibiotic. Moreover, rGO demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity, achieving a maximum DPPH radical‐scavenging efficiency of 76% at 200 µg/mL. These results highlight the promising biomedical applications of rGO synthesized by utilizing ajwain seeds extract as an effective, low‐cost, and sustainable green reducing agent.