Spatial and Vertical Distribution of Suspended Sediment Concentration in Haizhou Bay Based on Remote Sensing: Implications for Sustainable Coastal Management

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) strongly influences estuarine erosion–deposition processes, navigation safety, and coastal engineering stability. However, conventional remote sensing techniques are limited to surface SSC and cannot characterize vertical sediment structures. In this study, Landsat 8 OLI imagery was combined with in situ SSC profiles from six stations in the Guan River Estuary–Haizhou Bay system to retrieve full-depth sediment distributions. A band-combination inversion model using (B3 + B2)/B1 achieved the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.679), and an improved vertical distribution model was developed by incorporating turbulent shear (G) into the Rouse framework. Results indicate that surface SSC ranged from 0.15 to 0.86 kg/m3, while middle- and bottom-layer SSC reached up to 1.20 kg/m3 and 1.77 kg/m3, respectively, exhibiting a consistent east–high and west–low spatial pattern. Settling velocity (SSV) varied from 3 × 10−6 to 1.49 × 10−2 m/s and showed a positive correlation with SSC at low concentrations and a negative correlation at high concentrations due to flocculation effects. This integrated framework provides a rapid, low-cost method for full-water-column sediment assessment in estuaries and coastal zones, supporting engineering design, navigation maintenance, and sediment management. A better understanding of sediment transport processes in Haizhou Bay is important for maintaining shoreline stability and ecological balance in this semi-enclosed coastal system. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for sediment management and environmental regulation, which can contribute to the long-term sustainable development of coastal environments in the Yellow Sea region.