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Assess global NO2 levels in urban areas from 2019 to 2024 using satellite data.

Global NO ₂ changes between 2019 and 2024 as observed by TROPOMI in urban areas and emerging hotspots

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Global assessment reveals decreasing urban nitrogen dioxide levels, indicating air quality improvements in various regions.

Assess global NO2 levels in urban areas from 2019 to 2024 using satellite data.
Utilized TROPOMI annual and monthly mean tropospheric vertical column densities.
Analyzed data across 11,500 cities from the Global Human Settlement Layer-Settlement Model.
Calculated urban NO2 enhancements by adjusting for background concentrations.
Compared NO2 data to two emissions inventories to identify discrepancies.
Population-weighted urban NO2 VCDs decreased by 13% in Europe and 17% in Asia and Oceania from 2019 to 2024.
Tehran had the highest annual mean NO2 VCD, while Seoul had the largest reduction of 9.4% per year.
Changes in VCDENH were greater than NOx emissions inventory changes in Europe, North America, and Asia.
Identified increased NO2 levels near fossil fuel operations and noted conflict-related impacts.

Huber et al. (2026) studied this question.

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