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Phase II trial reveals two-site vaccination improves outcomes in melanoma, challenging GM-CSF as an adjuvant.
These results challenge the use of GM-CSF as a local vaccine adjuvant and support two-site vaccination. Future work to characterize the locoregional immune response to cancer vaccination at the injection site and vaccine-draining lymph nodes is warranted.
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Ninmer et al. (2026) studied this question.
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