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Cross-sectional analysis highlights flexible symptom-based approaches in ATP1A3-related movement disorders, indicating complexity in classification.
The extensive clinical heterogeneity in ATP1A3-related disorders challenges rigid phenotypic classifications. The predominance of patients with overlapping or atypical features supports a shift toward flexible, symptom-based clinical approaches rather than strict reliance on canonical phenotype recognition.
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Bernardi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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