Synergizing rural homestay spaces: A psychological exploration of social design and tourist experiences

The current study investigates the role of landscape design in homestay tourism through a transdisciplinary lens, examining how stakeholder interactions shape tourists' lodging experiences. Grounded in third space theory and the PERMA framework (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment), the research employs a qualitative research approach, combining qualitative interviews with tourists, designers, and residents, and thematic analysis to explore synergies between physical, cultural, and experiential spaces. Three interconnected spaces emerge: the first space (design-driven allure), the second space (residents' vision for quality), and the third space (tourists' interactive experiences). The PERMA analysis reveals that the third space is enriched when the first and second spaces collaborate, fostering emotional, relational, and meaningful engagement. It provides actionable insights for stakeholders to co-create value and enhance tourist well-being through intentional design and collaboration.