Camera-type eye specific visual ontogeny in squid ( Sepioteuthis lessoniana )

The well-developed vision of vertebrates possessing camera-type eyes is rapidly established during the early phases of life. Cephalopods, a group of mollusks, possess well-developed camera-type eyes similar to those of vertebrates. Although the anatomy of the cephalopod visual system has been studied as an example of convergent evolution between vertebrates and invertebrates, knowledge of vision and their ontogeny is limited. Therefore, this study focused on the squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) to anatomically and behaviorally trace the ontogeny of vision, which includes eye anatomy, visual acuity, and visual field during the two months post-hatching, to examine whether there are commonalities in the ontogenic features of camera-type eye. Visual acuity estimated behaviorally rapidly increased during the first two weeks post-hatching, whereas visual acuity estimated anatomically increased continuously during the post-hatching phase and was accomplished by increasing the lens diameter and decreasing the density of visual cells with the thickening of the rhabdomeric layer. In contrast to the difference of the ontogenic features of visual acuity between behavioral and anatomical examination, the visual field exhibited a remarkable increase during the first one week post-hatching in both examinations and occurred along with a change in the orientation of the eyeballs in the head region. These results highlight that the common ontogenic feature of cephalopod vision is comparable to that of vertebrate vision, and shows a specific early survival strategy in cephalopods with a short life span and no overlapping generations.