ecorisk: A modular R tool for ecological risk assessment analysis

Risk assessments are integral parts of ecosystem-based management (EBM) by identifying and prioritizing threats. Yet many approaches remain limited to single species or pressures and often fail to capture the complexity or accommodate varying data availability. We present ecorisk, the first R package designed for risk assessments in EBM context. Its modular, flexible design integrates expert knowledge with quantitative time series data, assessing the risk of ecosystem state indicators towards pressures based on exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The package handles simple and composite state indicators, supports aggregation and explicitly addresses uncertainty. ecorisk fills a methodological and practical gap by offering a transparent, standardized approach to risk assessments, supporting both scientific analysis and science-policy dialogue.