The long-term effect of two and three doses of bivalent HPV vaccination against HPV infections: a comparison between two observational cohort studies

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

Both 2-dose and 3-dose schedules of the bivalent HPV vaccine provide high, long-term efficacy against incident and persistent HPV16 and HPV18 infections with no signs of waning, while also offering cross-protection against HPV31 and HPV45. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

Marit Middeldorp; J W Duijster; B J A Hoeve-Bakker; J Berkhof; H E de Melker

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiag167

March 18, 2026The Journal of Infectious DiseasesOpen Access

The long-term effect of two and three doses of bivalent HPV vaccination against HPV infections: a comparison between two observational cohort studies

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Key Points

The aim is to compare the long-term effectiveness of 2-dose and 3-dose bivalent HPV vaccination schedules against HPV infections.
Conducted observational cohort studies on HPV vaccination.
Evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against HPV16 and HPV18 infections.
Assessed long-term effects over 9 to 14 years post-vaccination.
High VE was noted against incident and persistent HPV16 and HPV18 infections for the 3-dose schedule without signs of waning.
The 2-dose schedule also demonstrated high VE for up to 9 years.
Both vaccination schedules exhibited cross-protective effects against persistent HPV31 and HPV45.

Implication

Observational cohort studies compare long-term vaccine effectiveness of 2 and 3 doses against HPV infections, suggesting strong protection.

Abstract

We demonstrated high VE against incident and persistent HPV16 and HPV18 infections up to 14 years after a 3-dose schedule, with no signs of waning and significant indirect effects. Comparable high VEs were found for the 2-dose schedule up to 9 years. Both schedules showed cross-protective effects against persistent HPV31 and HPV45 during prolonged follow-up.

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Cite This Study

Middeldorp et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69be38216e48c4981c67845f https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag167

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The long-term effect of two and three doses of bivalent HPV vaccination against HPV infections: a comparison between two observational cohort studies

Key Points

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

The long-term effect of two and three doses of bivalent HPV vaccination against HPV infections: a comparison between two observational cohort studies

Key Points

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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