Lower than the Angels: Racial Jurisprudence and Paternalism in Zion

Seth Archer

doi:10.5406/21568030.13.1.07

January 1, 2026Mormon Studies Review

Lower than the Angels: Racial Jurisprudence and Paternalism in Zion

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Key Points

To analyze the adoption of slavery and its implications for African Americans and Native Americans in Utah.
Examined legislative debates from the 1852 Utah Territorial Legislature
Utilized primary sources, including previously unused Pitman shorthand records
Compared Mormon practices with national attitudes towards race and slavery
Identified deep-rooted racial ideologies within early Mormon leadership
Highlighted the simultaneous legislative focus on Black slavery and Native American servitude
Documented the limited yet significant presence of enslaved people in Utah Territory

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Implication

This book explores racial jurisprudence and the complex history of slavery and indentured servitude in early Utah, revealing significant implications.

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Seth Archer (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69be38216e48c4981c678555 https://doi.org/10.5406/21568030.13.1.07

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Lower than the Angels: Racial Jurisprudence and Paternalism in Zion

Key Points

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Discussion

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Lower than the Angels: Racial Jurisprudence and Paternalism in Zion

Key Points

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Implication

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