Measuring Vitality and Spatial Efficiency of Public Spaces in Commercial Complexes: A Multi-Source Data-Driven Analysis in Guangzhou, China

The accurate measurement and optimization of spatial vitality inside commercial complexes has become crucial for sophisticated urban governance as urban growth moves from rapid expansion to quality-oriented stock augmentation. This research creates a multifaceted assessment methodology that incorporates systemic connectedness (transportation synergy), spatial performance (public activity and social efficacy), and spatial supply (human–land linkages and arrangement). We used a stratified purposive sample of 20 business complexes spread across eight districts in Guangzhou, a typical high-density megacity. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of spatial vitality, we measured important indicators including the Polycentricity Index (α) and the Spatial Performance Index (β) using a mixed-methods approach that included K-means clustering, multinomial logit regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Four important insights are shown by our findings. 1. The paradox of density and efficiency: The notion that high-density development inevitably ensures lively public space is called into question by the lack of a significant linear correlation between the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and spatial performance (r = 0.32, p > 0.05), despite a core–periphery gradient in development intensity. 2. Structural Supply Demand Mismatch: Although overall spatial performance is strong (β = 0.81 ± 0.07), there is a notable shortfall in cultural and artistic venues, where young adults’ demand (0.27) is 145% greater than supply (0.11). 3. Polycentric Networking vs. Transport Polarization: While spatial structures show a networked polycentric pattern (mean α = 6.40), transportation synergy is affected by core–periphery polarization, which results in “vitality islands” in the periphery. 4. Dual-Path Driving Mechanisms: According to SEM results, cultural spaces have a considerable indirect impact (39.7% mediation) by boosting brand uniqueness and “cultural capital,” while composite plaza spaces have a strong direct effect on commercial performance (γ = 0.682). Based on these findings, we suggest distinct optimization strategies: aging projects need climate-responsive design interventions; growing areas should create family-oriented consumption ecosystems; and core districts should give priority to cultural “IP” integration. For the planning and revitalization of commercial land use in high-density global environments, this study offers a solid analytical framework and practical insights.