Navigating Ethical Dilemmas in Qualitative Research with Vulnerable Groups in Indonesia

This article discusses strategies for ethical research practices, drawing on the experiences of researchers working with victims of abuse, sexual violence, inter-religious conflict, terrorist convicts, and their children. The research employs qualitative methods with data collection techniques interviews, observations, and focus group discussions, while reflecting on researchers’ positionality and ethical responsibilities. Two complementary frameworks guide the analysis. First , the power approach, which addresses dynamics of authority and participation to safeguard autonomy and rights. Second , personal sensitivity approach, which emphasizes cultural awareness, trust-building, privacy, and confidentiality. These approaches aim to protect vulnerable groups from harm and exploitation, enhance research quality and credibility, and support justice and inclusion. By implementing these frameworks with established research ethics guidelines, the article highlights integrating to minimize harm, enhance methodological rigor, and strengthen justice and inclusion. The discussion concludes with recommendations for co-design practices with communities and for strengthening ethical training in Indonesia.