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Systematic investigation reveals that indenter orientation significantly influences scratch behavior in single crystalline copper, implying complex tribological implications.
The orientation of pyramidal indenter critically influences slip system activation and dislocation accumulation, thereby complicating the interpretation of tribological responses at small deformation scales. This study systematically investigates the orientation-dependent scratch response and associated size effect of single crystalline copper using an enhanced crystal plasticity framework incorporating strain gradient effects. The results reveal significant orientation-dependent variations in scratch response and pile-up morphology. Moreover, scratch hardness does not strictly correlate inversely with scratch depth, as evidenced by that the side-forward orientation produces the greatest depth but not the lowest hardness. Significant scratch size effects are observed across all indenter orientations, and the influence of indenter orientation on scratch hardness is greater than that of scratch direction.
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Zhu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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