Environmental Sustainability in Advanced Propulsion A Critical Review of Supersonic and Hypersonic Flight Effects

This review evaluates the effectiveness of sustainable propulsion technology in minimizing the environmental impact of high-velocity flight. While sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) provide a scalable solution for immediate carton reduction, analytical evidence suggest they do not fully eliminate the non-𝑐𝑜2 atmospheric effects associated with high-altitute operations. By examining hydrogen-based propulsion and optimized nozzle geometries, this research highlights a fundamental shift from conventional systems toward hybrid Frameworks. Additionally, the adoption of aerothermal-resistant material are identified as a crucial requirement for enduring the extreme thermal stress of Supersonic conditions.