Marine Algae as Gastroprotective Agents: A Review of Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Damage

Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is widely used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, prolonged use of indomethacin is associated with significant gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity, including gastric ulcers, bleeding, and inflammation. This review aims to explore the potential of marine algae as gastroprotective agents against indomethacin-induced gastric damage. Marine algae, rich in bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, and fatty acids, possess a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and mucosal protective effects. Studies suggest that marine algae, particularly species such as Laminaria, Fucus, Ulva, and Gracilaria, exhibit significant protective effects against gastric mucosal damage induced by NSAIDs like indomethacin. These protective mechanisms are thought to involve modulation of oxidative stress, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancement of mucosal barrier function, and regulation of prostaglandin synthesis. Furthermore, unique polysaccharides such as fucoidan and alginate found in marine algae have shown promise in enhancing mucosal integrity and reducing ulceration. This review highlights the potential of marine algae as natural, effective agents for preventing or mitigating indomethacin- induced gastric damage and their therapeutic implications in gastrointestinal health. By providing an overview of the existing literature, it also emphasizes the need for further clinical and preclinical studies to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effects of marine algae and their potential applications in clinical settings.