ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD Among Internally Displaced Civilian Outpatients in Ukraine During Wartime

PTSD rates in this sample were broadly comparable to global estimates for conflict-affected populations, whereas CPTSD prevalence appeared lower than that reported in other Ukrainian samples. Relocation to safer areas within one's own country-without the additional stressors associated with forced international migration-together with the relatively older age of the sample, may have contributed to a reduced CPTSD risk. Sociocultural expectations surrounding masculine roles during wartime might also play a role in male vulnerability to CPTSD, though further evidence is needed. Individuals bereaved by the war may represent a subgroup at heightened risk, highlighting the potential value of targeted psychosocial support. Longitudinal, multi-site studies with diverse samples are needed to clarify symptom trajectories and contextual risk factors in displaced civilians.