Greenhouse farming has been an effective solution recently, especially after developing new technologies that enhance productivity and optimize the use of resources while conserving energy. The integration of wireless sensor networks (WSN) with low-power wide area networks (LPWAN) provides the ability to collect and transfer data over the long termusing modern technologies such as LoRa, which offers low-power wireless communication between sensors and the gateway gathering point. This paper describes an innovative system for monitoring parameters inside and outside the greenhouse based on the Internet of Things and LoRa technology in real-time, such as temperature, humidity level, CO2 level, and other parameters. They are transferred to a centralized gateway and then to a web server to be displayed on the control panel on web pages or via applications. Experimental observations over a 24-hour monitoring period showed that the internal temperature fluctuation was significantly lower than the external variation, confirming the greenhouse buffering effect. In addition, stable LoRa communication was maintained throughout the monitoring period. The system effectively monitors parameters remotely anywhere and at any time by browsing web interfaces, which enhances LoRa's effectiveness in transmitting data safely and securely over distances of up to several kilometers.
Aouissi et al. (Fri,) studied this question.