Researchers present a bi-objective optimization model to minimize costs and emissions in water distribution networks, highlighting economic and environmental factors.
Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are vital in urban and industrial contexts, with high costs driven by pipe diameters and pumping needs. This paper presents a bi-objective MINLP optimization model based on disjunctive programming, accounting for unknown flow directions and minimizing both total costs (installation, operation, and pumping) and CO2 emissions from pipe manufacturing and system operation. Implemented in GAMS and tested across three case studies, the model applies the \:ε\: -restricted method to balance economic efficiency and environmental sustainability, underscoring the importance of accounting for environmental impacts in WDN planning.
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Cassiolato et al. (2026) studied this question.
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