What question did this study set out to answer?

The research focuses on colonial environmental policies in Punjab and their ecological impacts from 1849 to 1947.

Colonial ecologies in India and Punjab, 1849-1947: environmental management and exploitation

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Historical analysis examines colonial environmental policies in Punjab, revealing lasting ecological impacts.

The research focuses on colonial environmental policies in Punjab and their ecological impacts from 1849 to 1947.
Analyzed archival records from the British colonial period
Reviewed official correspondence related to environmental policies
Adopted a historical-analytical approach to assess ecological interventions
Interventions in pollution, plantations, and wildlife were interconnected strategies
Policies transformed Punjab's environment and social structures
Colonial governance introduced long-lasting ecological challenges that persist today

Malik et al. (2026) studied this question.

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