Personalized thermal injury prediction exposed to radiant thermal source: A numerical study focusing on skin burns

This study aims to develop a numerical model for predicting thermal injury and temperature due to radiation heat, specifically considering individual physiological variations. The model integrates a multi-layer thermal protective fabric (TPF) system with an enhanced Pennes bioheat transfer model, incorporating age-, gender- and segment-specific skin parameters (thickness, perfusion and metabolism). The results reveal significant individual variations in thermal response. Advancing age significantly elevates burn risk, with second degree burn times in the 60-70 age group being 27.1 % shorter than that in the 20-30 age group. Gender disparities are pronounced, as females experience second degree burns 20 s earlier than males, and uniquely suffer third degree burns under medium/long exposures when males remain unharmed. Extremities are more vulnerable than the trunk, with arms and legs reaching burn thresholds 37.4 % and 34.6 % faster than the trunk, reflecting regional differences in blood flow and tissue composition. These findings provide a scientific basis for quantifying individual burn risk and formulating more effective safety regulations.