Synthesis and characterization of natural biocomposite scaffold for bone repair: A study of gelatin-hydroxyapatite from Aceh-sourced bovine bone

This study reports the fabrication and characterization of biocomposite scaffolds combining Aceh-sourced bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) and gelatin (GEL) for bone repair. The scaffolds were evaluated for physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed functional groups from both BHA and GEL. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detected bone-related elements (Ca, P, O) and traces (Na, Mg, Al). Thermogravimetric analysis indicated thermal stability up to 600°C, and highest crystallinity (59.2%) at a 7:3 BHA:GEL ratio. Scanning electron microscopy and porosity analyses revealed an interconnected porous structure (40–295 μm pores, 72–86% porosity) supporting cell infiltration. Scaffolds exhibited favorable degradation (83–87%), swelling (675–836%), density (0.30–0.36g/cm3), compressive strength (0.22–0.44 MPa). MTT assay confirmed high osteoblast viability (78.9%), while in vivo tests demonstrated normal inflammation and accelerated bone regeneration. These findings support BHA-GEL biocomposites as cost-effective, locally sourced, biocompatible scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.