Comparison of different orthodontic treatment approaches for Class II malocclusion

Class II malocclusion is one of the most prevalent orthodontic problems, with significant functional and psychosocial implications. Its etiology involves skeletal, dentoalveolar, and environmental components, with treatment strategies varying according to growth status, severity, and patient demands. This review evaluates approaches in both growing and nongrowing patients, including extractions, functional appliances, skeletal anchorage, clear aligners, and orthognathic surgery. Comparative effectiveness, skeletal versus dentoalveolar contributions, stability, and clinical considerations are critically discussed to aid evidence-based, individualized management.