Neuroprotective and oxidative stress-modulating effects of midazolam, dexmedetomidine and ketamine in a controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in rats

Among the tested agents, dexmedetomidine provided the most robust protection against oxidative stress, neuronal injury, and inflammation after TBI. Ketamine and midazolam conferred moderate benefits. These data suggest dexmedetomidine may be a more effective option for mitigating secondary brain injury following traumatic insult and support further translational studies to clarify optimal dosing, timing, and mechanisms. Findings align with neuroprotective profiles previously reported for dexmedetomidine in TBI.