Findings reveal that p-cresyl sulfate stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation in endothelial dysfunction, suggesting vascular implications.
These findings suggest that p-CS may promote SMC proliferation both directly and indirectly through endothelial dysfunction, ultimately contributing to neointimal hyperplasia. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical implications of p-CS in vascular access dysfunction.
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Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.
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