ABSTRACT The rapid proliferation of wearable and portable intelligent systems has created an urgent demand for decentralized power sources that are both energy‐efficient and environmentally sustainable. Here, we report a portable hybrid energy harvester (PHEH) for scavenging low‐frequency mechanical energy from human motion by integrating triboelectric, piezoelectric, and electromagnetic energy conversion mechanisms. An electrospun polyimide (PI) film doped with proline is employed as the tribo‐positive layer, delivering an approximately 6‐fold output enhancement compared with commercial PI film. The PHEH integrates a pendulum‐based electromagnetic generator, a piezoelectric unit, and a circularly stacked PI/proline triboelectric nanogenerator (PP‐TENG) within a cylindrical architecture. To mitigate phase coupling in multilayer structures, 6 PP‐TENG layers are reorganized into three phase‐aligned units, resulting in a 1.36‐fold increase in output power. Under low‐frequency human motion, the device achieves a power density of 126.42 W m −3 Hz −1 and charges a 10000 µF capacitor to 2.2 V within 36 s. The harvested energy is sufficient to power a low‐energy Bluetooth‐based IoT module for real‐time monitoring and wireless transmission of environmental parameters, including pressure, altitude, temperature, humidity, and ambient light. This work demonstrates a practical strategy for self‐powered wearable systems through the integration of sustainable materials, phase‐engineered architectures, and hybrid energy harvesting.
Hao et al. (2026) studied this question.