Comparative evaluation of oral microbial communities among smokers, vapers, and nonsmokers: Implications for periodontal health

Objectives: To compare site-specific oral microbiome alterations among smokers, vapers, and nonsmokers and assess periodontal implications. Methods: A literature review was conducted evaluating microbial diversity, dysbiosis patterns, and functional changes associated with tobacco smoking and vaping. Results: Smokers exhibited reduced microbial diversity and increased periodontopathogens. Vapers demonstrated intermediate microbial profiles between smokers and healthy controls. Subgingival plaque showed the most pronounced dysbiosis across exposure groups. Conclusions: Smoking and vaping significantly alter oral microbial ecology, increasing periodontal disease risk. Longitudinal studies using standardized sampling protocols are essential for mechanistic understanding.