Comparison of Quality Control Models for Multiple Instruments: A Simulation Study using Real-world Data

ceptable limits in the absence of certified reference materials or reference measurement procedures (MPs) [1, 2].Although recent discussion of harmonization have primarily focused on aligning results across different MPs, the broader concept also encompasses the achievement of equivalent results across multiple instruments within a single laboratory.This may be regarded as intra-laboratory harmonization, reflecting inter-instrument comparability.When results are not harmonized across instruments within the same laboratory, the identical sample may yield different results, potentially leading to erroneous clinical, financial, or technical decisions.Laboratory quality control (QC) is critical for monitoring the accuracy and precision of the analytical process by detecting systematic or random errors that may affect patient results and decision-making [3].For internal QC, it is important to design a QC