Visualization of glass- water and glass- air interfaces by second harmonic generation microscopy has been carried out. The possibility of recovering the value of the electrostatic surface potential from the recorded signal intensity from the glass surface in contact with solutions with different pH is shown. Comparison of images of glass in contact with air and solution at pH 2 indicates the similarity in the molecular structure of these interfaces.
Kovalev et al. (2025) studied this question.