The performance of a 3 kW grid-connected photovoltaic system installed at Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra (27.21° N, 77.99° E) was simulated using PVsyst to evaluate the influence of module tilt angle on energy yield and system losses. Simulation results show that tilt angles between 25°–35° produce maximum annual irradiance, with a peak global incident irradiance of approximately 2025 kWh m⁻² yr⁻¹, annual energy injection of 4943 kWh, and a performance ratio of 0.816. Temperature-related losses were minimized near this range due to improved convective cooling and optimal incident irradiance. The results confirm that optimal tilt angles for fixed installations closely correspond to local latitude but also demonstrate that a range of tilt values yields comparable performance, providing flexibility for installation constraints. This study highlights the sensitivity of PV performance to tilt-dependent irradiance and loss mechanisms and provides practical design guidance for rooftop PV deployment in north-Indian climatic conditions.
Rajput et al. (Fri,) studied this question.