Cerebral Sympathetic Nervous System Activation Promotes Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System Activity and Salt-Induced Nocturnal Polyuria

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  Fig. 1.. Cerebral and systemic sympathetic nervous system activity in nocturnal polyuria model mice. (A) The 4-hour urine volumes measured over 3.5 consecutive days in the NSD, HSD, L-NAME, and L-NAME+HSD groups at weeks 0 and 8. *P<0.05 (2-way repeated measures ANOVA) (n=6, each group). (B) Changes in diurnal polyuria index in the NSD, HSD, L-NAME, and LNAME+HSD groups. *P<0.01 (paired t-test), and *P<0.05 (2-way repeated measures ANOVA) (n=6, each group). (C) AGT/ACTN levels in the NSD, HSD, L-NAME, and L-NAME+HSD groups. Representative immunoblotting (above) and quantitative analysis (below) of renal AGT/ACTN levels in the active period. **P<0.01 (Tukey test) (n=6, each group). (D) Immunohistochemical analysis of c-Fos expression in the PVN (delineated by dashed lines) of mice in the NSD, HSD, L-NAME, and L-NAME+HSD groups. Scale bars, 100 μm. (E) The number of c-Fos-positive cells in the PVN of mice in the NSD, HSD, L-NAME, and L-NAME+HSD groups. **P<0.01 (Tukey test) (n=6, each group). (F) 24-hour urinary NE excretion of mice in the NSD, HSD, L-NAME, and LNAME+HSD groups. **P<0.01 (Tukey test) (n=6, each group). (G) Systolic blood pressure changes of mice in the NSD, HSD, LNAME, and…

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  Fig. 2.. The effects of renal denervation on intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activity and diurnal polyuria index (DPi) in nocturnal polyuria model mice. (A) Intraoperative microscopic image of left renal denervation. The arrow indicates the left renal artery and the left renal vein. The renal sympathetic nerves surrounding the renal artery and vein have been dissected. (B) Kidney NE concentration in the Sham and RD groups. **P<0.01 (Student t-test) (n=6, each group). (C) AGT/ACTN levels in the Sham and RD groups. Representative immunoblotting (above) and quantitative analysis (below) of renal AGT/ACTN levels in the active period. **P<0.01 (Student t-test) (n=6, each group). (D) The 4-hour urine volumes over 3.5 consecutive days of mice in the Sham and RD groups at weeks 0 and 8. **P<0.01 (2-way repeated measures ANOVA) (n=6, each group). (E) Changes in DPi changes of mice in the Sham and RD groups. **P<0.01 (paired t-test), and **P<0.01 (2-way repeated measures ANOVA) (n=6, each group). (F) The 24-hour urinary NE excretion of mice in the Sham and RD groups. **P<0.01 (Student t-test) (n=6, each group). (G) Systolic blood pressure changes of mice in the Sham and RD groups, respectively.…

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  Fig. 3.. The effect of blood pressure reduction by hydralazine on diurnal polyuria index (DPi). (A) Changes in systolic blood pressure in the L-NAME+HSD+Hyd and L-NAME+HSD groups. **P<0.01 (paired t-test), and *P<0.05 (2-way repeated measures ANOVA) (n=6, each group). (B) The 4-hour urinary volumes over 3.5 consecutive days of mice in the L-NAME+HSD+Hyd and L-NAME+HSD groups at weeks 0 and 8. *P<0.05 (2-way repeated measures ANOVA) (n=6, each group). (C) DPi changes in the L-NAME+HSD+Hyd and L-NAME+HSD groups. **P<0.01 (paired t-test). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed (n=6, each group). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. ANOVA, analysis of variance; HSD, high-salt diet; Hyd, hydralazine; LNAME, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; n.s., not significant.