Background The utilization of palm kernel cake (PKC) as a feed ingredient for ruminants has yielded inconsistent findings regarding its effects on animal physiology, feeding behavior, and meat quality. To address these discrepancies, a meta-analysis was conducted by synthesizing data from multiple studies that met specific inclusion criteria. Methods The analysis employed a mixed-model approach to evaluate the impact of PKC inclusion on nitrogen utilization, blood metabolites, feeding behavior, and the physicochemical properties of the Longissimus muscle in ruminants from 20 relevant articles. These articles originated from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Springer Link using the keywords “palm kernel cake” and “ruminant.” The analysis was undertaken using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS® OnDemand for Academics. Results The findings indicate that increasing PKC levels had no significant effects on feeding behavior, nitrogen utilization, blood metabolism, or muscle physicochemical traits. However, a quadratic response (P
Fhonna et al. (Thu,) studied this question.