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This research aims to reinterpret dark energy through Energy-Efficiency Theory, addressing its role in cosmic expansion.

March 29, 2026Open Access

Dark Energy as the Cosmic Free-State Gradient: An Energy-Efficiency Interpretation

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This research aims to reinterpret dark energy through Energy-Efficiency Theory, addressing its role in cosmic expansion.
Develops an interpretation of dark energy as a gradient of free-state energy.
Derives Friedmann equations from Energy-Efficiency Theory principles.
Connects findings to distance-redshift relations and cosmological observations.
Provides predictions for redshift-dependent equation of state and other scaling laws.
Quantitatively recovers the Hubble constant at 71.5±1.2 km/s/Mpc.
Offers a solution to the Hubble tension through energy-momentum conservation.
Describes a distinctive evolution of the acceleration rate and scaling laws for free-state energy.
Remains compatible with general relativity at large scales.

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The paper proposes dark energy is a gradient of free-state energy, revealing connections to cosmic expansion and observations.

Hongpu Yang (2026) studied this question.

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