A novel mathematical model is developed for a multilayer metal‐supported solid oxide fuel cell (MS‐SOFC) designed for medium‐temperature operation at 600–700°C. The MS‐SOFC model is integrated with a steam reforming module to simulate the behavior of mixed fuels and evaluate their impact on fuel cell performance. Stack‐level simulations are conducted to examine the current density, temperature distribution, and voltage response under various fuel conditions, including pure hydrogen and mixed fuels with different steam‐to‐carbon (S/C) ratios and reforming reaction rates. The objective is to identify the MS‐SOFC operating parameters that enhance current density and overall performance under medium‐temperature conditions. Simulation results indicate that hydrogen consistently yields a higher cell voltage than mixed fuel, regardless of the methane steam reforming rate or S/C ratio. The peak power density for pure hydrogen is 0.24201 W cm −2 at a current density of 0.27660 A cm −2 . For mixed fuel with an S/C ratio of 2, the peak power densities were 26.082%, 13.210%, and 4.793% lower than that of hydrogen for methane reforming rates of 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. Overall, the findings provide valuable insights for designing MS‐SOFC systems capable of delivering efficient, flexible, and sustainable energy under low‐temperature operating conditions.
Kuo et al. (2026) studied this question.