Prevalence of preserved ratio impaired spirometry and restrictive spirometry pattern in the general population: a systematic review and multi-level meta-analysis of studies from multiple countries

Key Points

• To estimate the prevalence of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) and restrictive spirometry pattern (RSP) and examine variations across regions and demographics.
• Conducted a systematic review of studies from multiple countries
• Performed a multi-level meta-analysis to pool prevalence estimates
• Examined variations in spirometry patterns by demographics and regions
• Identified significant regional variations in PRISm and RSP prevalence
• Smoking and comorbidities emerged as key risk factors
• Findings highlight the need for tailored early management strategies based on regional data