What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim was to develop and assess a PBL instructional model integrating 3C3R and 4C/ID for teaching cell biology.

Integrating 3C3R and 4C/ID frameworks to optimize problem-based learning in cell biology in secondary education

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Evaluates a new instructional model to improve learning outcomes in secondary education, indicating enhanced cognitive management.

The aim was to develop and assess a PBL instructional model integrating 3C3R and 4C/ID for teaching cell biology.
Applied a Research and Development approach based on Hannafin and Peck.
Utilized a pretest-posttest control group design with 231 secondary students.
Measured cognitive load using a multidimensional scale covering intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load.
Analyzed data with descriptive statistics and paired t-tests.
The model showed high validity and strong reliability (α = 0.91).
Post-intervention results indicated significant improvement in learning outcomes.
Reductions in extraneous cognitive load and increases in germane load were observed.

Trisianawati et al. (2026) studied this question.

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