The Interplay Between Periodontitis and Atrial Fibrillation: Inflammation as a Common Pathophysiological Bridge

Periodontitis (PD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are two prevalent chronic conditions with substantial public health burdens worldwide. While traditionally studied separately, increasing evidence reveals a complex interplay between PD and AF, mediated primarily by shared inflammatory and immune mechanisms. Chronic periodontal inflammation can trigger systemic immune activation, leading to atrial structural remodeling, fibrosis, and electrical disturbances that predispose individuals to AF. Observational and longitudinal studies consistently demonstrate a higher incidence and recurrence of AF in patients with moderate to severe PD, independent of established cardiovascular risk factors. Key periodontal pathogens, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, and altered immune cell profiles are implicated in this association, further supported by genetic analyses revealing common molecular pathways. Mechanistic insights from experimental models highlight the role of inflammation-related atrial fibrosis and immune dysregulation as critical drivers linking oral disease to arrhythmogenesis. Additionally, better oral hygiene practices and periodontal treatment have been associated with a reduced risk of AF, suggesting modifiable intervention potential. This review synthesizes current clinical, epidemiological, molecular, and experimental evidence to elucidate the PD–AF relationship, emphasizing periodontal health as a promising target in cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.