Annex: Land Management Mechanism in the 1908s

The 1980 ConstitutionIt is stipulated in the 1980 Constitution that "land, mountains, forests, mines and natural resources in the earth, on sea areas and the continental shelf, etc. all belong to all people" (Article 19)."The State runs uniform land management in line with overall planning to ensure the rational and economic use of land.Those cooperatives and individuals who are using lands are entitled to continue to use them according to the stipulations of law... Land reserved for agriculture and forestry should not be used for other purposes except when permitted by State competent authorities..." (Article 20).By these two fundamental stipulations, the Vietnamese government confirmed that from that moment, land would not belong to private, individual or collective ownership.Land belongs to all people under the State uniform management.It is, however, also affirmed that "Those collectives and individuals that are using lands are entitled to continue to use them according to the stipulations of law" to ensure continual and stable use of land and that no changes adverse to production and social life occur.The 1980 Constitution marks a basic and important change in the Vietnamese Party and State's policy on land since land reform and agricultural collectivization. The Communist Party of Viet Nam Secretariat's Directive 100The Party Secretariat's Directive 100, issued on January 13, 1981 on 'Improving contractual work and expanding the piece work system to groups and laborers in agricultural cooperatives" stipulates:-...Those agricultural cooperatives must strictly manage and effectively use the means of production, first of all the land, hauling power, fertilizer and the collectives' instruments and material and technical bases...