Dietary lycopene improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity, alters immune-related biomarkers and gut microbiota in growing geese

Lycopene is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant activity, yet information on its use in waterfowl is limited. This study evaluated the effects of dietary lycopene on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune-related biomarkers, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota in growing geese. Seventy-two 35-d-old male Zi geese were allocated to 2 dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment, 6 birds/pen) and fed either a basal diet (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg lycopene (LYC) for 21 d under controlled temperature and humidity with ad libitum access to feed and water. Growth performance was analyzed by GLM with initial BW as a covariate (pen as the experimental unit), whereas antioxidant/immune indices were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (bird as the experimental unit). Microbiota β-diversity was evaluated using Bray–Curtis distance with ordination (PCoA/NMDS) and permutation-based testing. Microbiota correlations were FDR-corrected. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Compared with CON, LYC increased final body weight (2.77 vs. 2.29 kg, P < 0.05), average daily gain (66.67 vs. 43.80 g/d, P < 0.05) and reduced feed conversion ratio (4.38 vs. 6.22, P < 0.05). Lycopene improved antioxidant status, as indicated by higher serum CAT activity (Day 21: 32.8 vs. 26.3, P < 0.01), T-AOC (Day 21: 6.0 vs. 3.7, P < 0.01) and lower serum MDA (Day 21: 3.9 vs. 6.1, P < 0.01); jejunal CAT was also higher at Day 21 (33.3 vs. 26.1, P < 0.05). Lycopene altered immune-related biomarkers, increasing serum IgA (Day 21: 1.02 vs. 0.85, P < 0.05), IgM (Day 21: 0.90 vs. 0.80, P < 0.05), and lysozyme activity (Day 21: 20.3 vs. 18.3, P < 0.05), while decreasing IL-6 (Day 21: 20.3 vs. 23.4, P < 0.05) and IFN-γ (Day 21: 10.7 vs. 13.7, P < 0.05). Intestinal morphology was improved, with higher villus height-crypt depth ratios in the duodenum (Day 21: 4.19 vs. 3.58, P < 0.05), jejunum (Day 21: 4.34 vs. 3.99, P < 0.05) and ileum (Day 21: 4.06 vs. 3.77, P < 0.05). Cecal microbiota differed between groups, with a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidota in LYC (47.96% vs. 41.35%, P < 0.05) and a positive correlation with serum T-AOC (P < 0.05). Functional prediction (PICRUSt2) suggested enrichment of nitrogen metabolism and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways in LYC. Overall, dietary lycopene at 200 mg/kg improved growth performance and was associated with enhanced antioxidant capacity and shifts in immune-related biomarkers, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in geese.