Analysis of the Current Status and Research Prospects for Integrating Nanomaterials into the Membrane Surfaces of Membrane-Based Desalination Systems using Renewable Energy Sources

This paper presents a systematic review of the engineering aspects of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane fabrication and their integration with renewable energy sources (RES) to enhance the efficiency of desalination systems. Particular attention is given to a synergistic approach that combines the advantages of nanomodified membranes with solar and wind energy systems. The review analyzes types of nanophases, integration methods, interfacial interaction mechanisms, and their impact on operational performance. The results show that TFN membranes provide a 30–100% increase in water flux, extend service life to 7–10 years, and reduce cleaning frequency by 30–50%, while maintaining high selectivity 98% salt rejection. A critically important advantage is the energy compatibility of nanomembranes with RES: they exhibit enhanced resistance to on–off cycling, thermal stability under solar-assisted operation, and enable a 15–25% reduction in operating pressure, which is crucial for power-constrained systems. The paper also analyzes the implementation experience of hybrid solar–desalination systems under various climatic conditions and proposes adapted solutions for regions with high solar potential, such as Uzbekistan. Integration of TFN membranes with RES can reduce the carbon footprint of desalination processes by 60–85% and enable autonomous water supply in remote areas. Key scientific challenges are identified, including the need for standardized testing methodologies, scaling-up issues, and long-term stability of nanomodified membranes.