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Life cycle assessment quantifies impacts of ballast water on marine invasions, highlighting significant biodiversity threats.
• The first LCIA model quantifying ballast water's role in marine alien species spread. • Exports drive marine invasions: 4.7 · 10 − 12 aliens per kg exported. • Impacts can be linked to current life cycle inventories. • Ballast water introductions can surpass climate-driven biodiversity loss.
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Gjedde et al. (2026) studied this question.
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