Coastal Erosion and Sea-Level Rise in India: Causes, Consequences, and Sustainable Management Approaches

India’s extensive coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers, is facing increasing threats from coastal erosion and rising sea levels, primarily driven by climate change and unsustainable human activities. This review aims to analyze the major causes, environmental and socio-economic consequences, and potential policy responses to these challenges. Coastal erosion results from both natural processes such as wave dynamics, storms, and tectonic shifts, as well as anthropogenic factors including sand mining, infrastructure development, and mangrove destruction. The rising sea level further intensifies shoreline retreat, saltwater intrusion, and habitat loss. These changes not only endanger coastal ecosystems but also jeopardize livelihoods, tourism, and cultural heritage. The study emphasizes the urgent need for integrated coastal zone management, technological monitoring, and community-based adaptation strategies. Sustainable development, coupled with scientific and policy interventions, is essential to mitigate the long-term impacts on India’s coastal regions.