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April 3, 2026Open Access

D1.4A: Democratic Expectations and Democratic Satisfaction: Generational Differences and Legitimacy Gaps in Europe

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Authors

RMRadosław MarkowskiPZPiotr Zagórski

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Overview

This article examines how normative expectations and performance evaluations impact democratic satisfaction in Europe, suggesting significant generational differences.

Key Points

  • The research aims to explore factors influencing citizen satisfaction with democracy, focusing on evaluations and normative expectations.
  • Analyzed data from the European Social Survey democracy modules (2012 and 2022)
  • Investigated expectation–performance gaps across multiple democratic dimensions
  • Considered how satisfaction varies across different age groups and regions.
  • Larger expectation–performance gaps decrease satisfaction with democracy
  • Positive performance evaluations are the key predictor of satisfaction
  • Normative expectations can either enhance or diminish satisfaction based on perceived performance
  • Younger Europeans prioritize minority rights and redistributive outcomes; older citizens focus on institutional guarantees
  • Unmet social-democratic expectations increased dissatisfaction, particularly post-Great Recession.

Cite This Study

Markowski et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69cf5ebc5a333a821460d48bhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19337819
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Also Consider

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  5. 5Patterns of democracy and democratic satisfaction: Results from a comparative conjoint experiment2024 · 6 citations