Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Cord – Current Concepts, Controversies, and Management

This article comprehensively delivers the relevant literature review along with the 1 st author’s own experience from 1991 till date on the basic principles in dealing with Congenital Spinal Dysraphism, which has been given various nomenclatures over last many decades. The types of dysraphism, relation to embryological development, their clinical implications, the timing for surgery, and how the management have evolved with newer developments in diagnostic tools and microsurgical techniques as well as intra-operative electrophysiological monitoring of the limbs and sphincters so as to preserve maximum function as possible.