Organ Donation in India: Challenges, Comparative Analysis, and Global Best Practices

India ranks third globally in the absolute number of organ transplants, yet its deceased donor rate remains critically low, at under one donor per million population. This paradox underscores systemic challenges in public awareness, legal enforcement, hospital practices, and cultural attitudes. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of India’s organ donation ecosystem, juxtaposing it with high-performing international models from Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and South Korea. Drawing on national and global data, legal frameworks, and operational strategies, the article identifies key barriers and best practices across domains such as donor registration, ICU integration, transplant coordination, and anti-trafficking oversight. The findings suggest that legal reform alone is insufficient; sustained investment in infrastructure, cultural engagement, and professional coordination is essential to transform India’s organ donation landscape into an equitable and efficient system.