What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to develop a dual ion-supported PVA hydrogel to enhance ionic conductivity and capacitive performance in energy storage applications.

April 3, 2026Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan0 citationsOpen Access

Dual ion-supported poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel polymer electrolyte for electric double layer capacitor

KOKar Kien OngTunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology KLKah Hoe LohUniversity of Malaya CLChiam-Wen LiewTunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology

Key Points

The aim is to develop a dual ion-supported PVA hydrogel to enhance ionic conductivity and capacitive performance in energy storage applications.
Prepared PVA hydrogel polymer electrolytes with sulfuric acid and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate via solution casting.
Measured ionic conductivity, glass transition temperature, and degree of crystallinity using relevant analyses.
Assembled electric double layer capacitors using the most conductive electrolyte and evaluated performance metrics.
Ionic conductivity increased from (9.71 ± 0.04) × 10−3 S cm−1 to (1.06 ± 0.01) × 10−2 S cm−1 with 10 wt.% LiOTf.
Specific capacitance of the assembled EDLC reached 44 F g−1.
Achieved energy density of 5.4 Wh kg−1 and power density of 293.8 W kg−1 with over 90% coulombic efficiency.

Abstract

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-sulfuric acid (H2SO4)-lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiOTf) hydrogel polymer electrolytes (HPEs) were prepared by solution casting method. Upon the adulteration of 10 wt.% LiOTf, the ionic conductivity of HPE improves from (9.71 ± 0.04) × 10−3 S cm−1 to (1.06 ± 0.01) × 10−2 S cm−1 at ambient temperature. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of HPE is low compared to pristine PVA, as shown in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The XRD analysis had shown decreased degree of crystallinity upon addition of 10 wt.% of LiOTf. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) shows an improvement in potential window from 1.5 to 3.12 V, while transference number proves the ions are the main conduction contributor. An electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was assembled. The EDLC fabricating using the most conductive HPE exhibits a higher specific capacitance of 18.5 F g−1, as illustrated in CV analysis. The fabricated EDLC demonstrates its specific capacitance of 44 F g−1, energy density of 5.4 Wh kg−1 and power density of 293.8 W kg−1 with above 90 % of coulombic efficiency in GCD analysis.

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